What is DNA, What Does it Look Like, & What are Genetic Disorders?

My problem is to understand more about DNA's structure, mutations, types of genteic disorders, & what can lead to genetic disorders & genetic mutations!

A majority of my work is done online, & sometimes from other sources (conversation, videos, images, diagrams, etc...). Most the websites I used end in .org or .gov so I know a majority of my research is from reliable sources.

• DNA’s Structure: DNA is made up of 4 different nitrogen bases found in nucleotides, the 4 bases are:

1. Adenine (A)

2. Thymine (T)

3. Guanine (G)

4. Cytosine (C)

A key point about the structure of DNA is that base A will always pair with base T. In addition, base C will always pair with base G. Therefore, if you know one half of a DNA strand then it will be very easy to figure out the other half of the DNA strand! The chains of DNA are made of phosphate and sugar groups alternating (ask about the diagram)!

• Who and When was DNA discovered?

• DNA was discovered by the swiss biochemist Friedrich Miescher. He observed DNA during the late 1800’s.

• Why is DNA called the double helix?

• The term ‘the double helix’ is used for DNA because of its twisted ladder shape. Likewise, it has the shape of a double helix (looks like a spring/spiral)! Epigenetics: Epigenetics is a way that you can turn genes on and off without changing your DNA code. Epigenetics can change your health and the well-being of your future generations. Gene therapy: Gene therapy is a type of treatment that uses genes to prevent or fight diseases. That may include adding ‘good genes’ to someone who has a disease, replacing genes that aren’t working properly, or blocking a gene that is generating a problem. Several types of gene therapy are already available. There are many other types of gene therapy that are being studied. Ataxia-Telangiectasia: Ataxia-Telangiectasia is a type of mutation that is passed down from previous generations. Ataxia-Telangiectasia will lead to: ★ Ataxia (unsteady walking). ★ Body movements that are uncontrolled. ★ Telangiectasias (Small blood vessels that are clusters on the skin and eyes). ★ A weak network that helps the body fight diseases and other infections (immune system). There are no specific treatments for Ataxia-Telangiectasia but doctors will most likely recommend different treatments for different stages of Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Cystic fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF) is another type of mutation that is passed down (inherited) from prior generations. CF is when your body creates sticky, very thick mucus. The mucus causes problems in various organs (ex-lungs, pancreas, etc...). Cystic Fibrosis is a life-long condition that is very rare. In CF, doctors will give treatments based on your needs. There are some treatments that all people with CF will need. Hemophilia: Hemophilia is a most often inherited (hereditary) mutation. This is a very rare disease in which there is prevention of your blood to stop it clotting as it should (clotting is what helps you stop bleeding after an injury or cut. If clotting wasn’t in someone’s body, then they may bleed longer than usual or may bleed easily). Hemophilia affects both genders but females usually have a mild hemophilia and can pass the gene to their future generations while males are more often affected by hemophilia. There are a lot of ways to treat hemophilia! Sickle Cell Disease: Sickle cell disease is a hereditary mutation which is when red blood cells are not shaped as they should (red blood cells are a round shape but in sickle cell disease, they are shaped like crescent moons or sickles). The sickle shaped cells are sticky and stiff which block mini blood vessels when they form clumps. That will lead to organ damage and pain because when the sickle cell shaped cells get stuck together, they will stop blood from moving as it should. The sickle-shaped blood cells break down faster than normal red blood cells (too few blood cells) which is a condition called anemia. Sickle cell disease is a lifelong condition with many different types of treatments in a treatment plan. There is only one scientific cure for sickle cell disease so far.

Actions: | Will lead to:

Smoking | A higher risk of asthma and lung cancer.

Physical Activity | Lesser risks of some types of cancer.

Overweightness or diabetes during pregnancy | A baby who will be overweight or very likely to get diabetes in later life.

Exposure of chemicals | Creating a higher risk of cancer

Emotional stress that is long-lasting | Will have mood problems in later life.

Not eating enough during early life | Fatness or overweightness in later life

My hypothesis was accepted because as found in my research, scientists are working on new ways to cure genetic disorders. Such as epigenetics, and gene therapy! Most of the types of genetic disorders use treatments that help make it less painful. For example, Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and ataxia-telangiectasia! Overtime, scientists have found more and more information on how to get rid of genetic disorders!

https://www.canva.com/

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene-mutations.html

Science Fair 2024-2025 Timetable-Rachel Yuen

Every Day Science Fair To-Do’s!-Rachel Yuen

Science Fair Vocabulary 2024-2025-Rachel Yuen

Weekly Science Fair Goals!-Rachel Yuen

https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project

https://www.ancestry.com/c/dna-learning-hub/x-dna

https://www.britannica.com/science/zygote

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gamete#:~:text=00%3A00,one%20copy%20of%20each%20chromosome.

https://study.com/learn/lesson/biochemical-molecules-compounds.html#:~:text=A%20compound%20is%20a%20substance,is%20found%20in%20living%20things.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nucleic-acid

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/phosphorus

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/55977962-animated-science (I have a copy of this book which provided some of my research pg.100, 6, 7, 10, 11, 124).

https://www.commonsense.org/education/reviews/dictionarycom#:~:text=Pros%3A%20Definitions%20are%20sourced%20from,poor%20fit%20for%20the%20classroom.

https://www.google.com/search?q=property+definition+science&sca_esv=66d5537c3a7e698d&ei=_a11Z6GQGMGs0PEPn_XSyA4&oq=property+definition&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE3Byb3BlcnR5IGRlZmluaXRpb24qAggBMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMgoQABiwAxjWBBhHMg0QABiABBiwAxhDGIoFMg0QABiABBiwAxhDGIoFSNoQUABYAHABeAGQAQCYAQCgAQCqAQC4AQHIAQCYAgGgAgeYAwCIBgGQBgqSBwExoAcA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on (scroll down until you see this)...

https://homework.study.com/explanation/explain-how-phosphate-has-a-formula-of-po43-based-on-its-characteristics-structure-and-charges.html

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Organ#:~:text=In%20biology%2C%20an%20organ%20(from,lungs%20are%20examples%20of%20organs.

https://www.webqc.org/molecular-weight-of-OPO%28OH%292.html

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/urethra

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bladder

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/excreted

https://www.oed.com/dictionary/oxidation_n?tab=factsheet

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/oxidation

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/oxidizing

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/alkyl

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hereditary

https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project (in depth of project)

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/first-complete-sequence-human-genome#:~:text=The%20final%2C%20complete%20human%20genome,%2C%202022%2C%20issue%20of%20Science.

https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=fundamental&tl=true

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cell

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/genome

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Ribonucleic-Acid-RNA

https://www.google.com/search?q=is+rna+in+human+body&sca_esv=4a5ffd8fc2d1e287&ei=koJ4Z4zdObO90PEPksjLoQU&oq=is+rna+in+our+bodies&gs_lp=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_EFQNtuzPFoXKOIBgGQBgq6BgQIARgKkgcENy4xOKAHhOoB&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on (scroll down until you see this)

Then press on ‘Do humans have RNA in their body?’ you should then see this…

https://www.google.com/search?q=synthesis+definition+biology&sca_esv=a480633fbe16451c&ei=KYZ4Z6mGE73A0PEPisqyoAg&oq=synthesis+definition+&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiFXN5bnRoZXNpcyBkZWZpbml0aW9uICoCCAAyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyChAAGIAEGEMYigUyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABEjdDVCDA1iDA3ABeACQAQCYAWSgAb4BqgEDMS4xuAEByAEA-AEBmAICoAJywgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICDRAAGIAEGLADGEMYigWYAwCIBgGQBgqSBwMxLjGgB5QM&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

https://study.com/academy/lesson/atp-definition-molecules-quiz.html (watch video until it says you need an account:)

https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-question-examples/

https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-questions/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/correlation

https://youtu.be/-o8-YaVI9pA?si=lzo_sqjFmoRMh7vL

https://platform.cysf.org/project/cb1511e3-708d-41e3-9329-5278eb9cb895/

https://platform.cysf.org/project/dfcdd92e-2f84-4420-b61b-a82c87ca97e0/

https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid-Fact-Sheet#:~:text=What%20does%20DNA%20do%3F,the%20work%20in%20our%20bodies.

https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/eukaryote-eucariote-294/#:~:text=Eukaryotes%20are%20organisms%20whose%20cells,and%20other%20membrane%2Dbound%20organelles.

(Just the highlighted part…)

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cell-division

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mitochondria#:~:text=Mitochondria%20are%20membrane%2Dbound%20cell,called%20adenosine%20triphosphate%20(ATP).

https://www.google.com/search?q=membrane-bound+meaning&sca_esv=41c502c349914825&ei=D3R9Z4DkFpKd0PEP_IK8kQ8&ved=0ahUKEwjAp76hoOSKAxWSDjQIHXwBL_IQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=membrane-bound+meaning&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiFm1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIG1lYW5pbmcyBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHkiSMFAAWMkscAB4AJABAJgBsQGgAaQMqgEEMTAuNbgBA8gBAPgBAZgCEKAC2kHCAhMQABiABBiRAhixAxiKBRhGGPkBwgILEAAYgAQYkQIYigXCAggQABiABBixA8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgItEAAYgAQYkQIYsQMYigUYRhj5ARiXBRiMBRjdBBhGGPkBGPQDGPUDGPYD2AEBwgISEAAYgAQYsQMYQxiKBRhGGPkBwgIQEAAYgAQYsQMYQxiDARiKBcICChAAGIAEGEMYigXCAiwQABiABBixAxhDGIoFGEYY-QEYlwUYjAUY3QQYRhj5ARj0Axj1Axj2A9gBAcICDxAAGIAEGEMYigUYRhj5AcICKRAAGIAEGEMYigUYRhj5ARiXBRiMBRjdBBhGGPkBGPQDGPUDGPYD2AEBmAMAugYGCAEQARgTkgcHNi45LjktMaAH328&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

(You should see that when you press in the link above, that is where I got my information from!)

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Organelle#:~:text=An%20organelle%20is%20a%20subcellular,and%20ribosomes%2C%20which%20assemble%20proteins.

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/parent-cell

https://study.com/learn/lesson/parent-daughter-cells-mitosis.html#:~:text=The%20daughter%20cell%20definition%20is,also%20become%20parent%20cells%20themselves.

https://study.com/learn/lesson/mitochondrial-christae-function-structure.html#:~:text=Cristae%20are%20folds%20in%20the,energy%20at%20a%20faster%20rate.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/protein

https://www.developingexperts.com/glossary/bound

https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/dlp/plasma-information.html#:~:text=Plasma%20is%20the%20liquid%20portion,Plasma%20is%20about%2092%25%20water.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/assemble

https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html#:~:text=Stem%20cells%20are%20cells%20with,cells%20and%20adult%20stem%20cells.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/principle#:~:text=A%20principle%20is%20a%20kind,guide)%20most%20people%20and%20businesses.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002307.htm#:~:text=A%20spore%20is%20a%20cell,humidity%2C%20and%20other%20environmental%20conditions.

https://scijinks.gov/what-is-humidity/#:~:text=Humidity%20is%20a%20measure%20of,and%20humid%20it%20feels%20outside.

https://www.weather.gov/arx/why_dewpoint_vs_humidity#:~:text=The%20dew%20point%20is%20the,water%20in%20the%20gas%20form.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm#:~:text=Amino%20acids%20are%20molecules%20that,Break%20down%20food

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Enzyme#:~:text=Definition,is%20used%20over%20and%20over.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24585-cytokines

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21660-inflammation

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/obstinately

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22971-antibodies

https://www.google.com/search?q=bind+meaning+in+biology&sca_esv=d5800e4590f8577b&ei=rcl9Z_H3E_qD0PEPv9D1oAM&ved=0ahUKEwixguT08eSKAxX6ATQIHT9oHTQQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=bind+meaning+in+biology&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiF2JpbmQgbWVhbmluZyBpbiBiaW9sb2d5MgUQABiABDIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yCxAAGIAEGIYDGIoFMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogRIjCtQ5AhYtyhwAXgBkAEAmAGxAaABmQyqAQQwLjExuAEDyAEA-AEBmAIMoAKSDcICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAg0QABiABBiwAxhDGIoFwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICCBAAGKIEGIkFmAMAiAYBkAYKkgcEMS4xMaAH-zU&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

(You should see this when you press the link above, that is where I got my information from!)

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24425-lipids

https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/hormones.html#:~:text=Hormones%20are%20chemical%20substances%20that,beta%20cells%20in%20the%20pancreas.

https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/lipid-panel#:~:text=A%20lipid%20panel%20is%20a,Triglyceride%20level.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22818-bone-marrow

https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bone-childhood/what-is-childhood-bone-cancer/the-bones#:~:text=The%20medullary%20cavity%20is%20the,bone%20arranged%20like%20a%20honeycomb.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hemoglobin

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21871-white-blood-cells

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22313-neutrophils

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23342-lymphocytes

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23402-eosinophils

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23256-basophils

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22110-monocytes

https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/dlp/platelet-information.html#:~:text=Platelets%2C%20or%20thrombocytes%2C%20are%20small,white%20blood%20cells%2C%20and%20platelets.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/suspend

(Scroll down until you see this, this is where I got my information from!!!)

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117#:~:text=Embryonic%20stem%20cells.&text=These%20are%20pluripotent%20(ploo%2DRIP,repair%20diseased%20tissue%20and%20organs.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/pluripotent-stem-cell

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/unicellular

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/beta-cells.html#:~:text=Beta%20cells%20are%20cells%20that,mistakenly%20destroys%20the%20beta%20cells.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/pancreas

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/gland

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/insulin.html#:~:text=Insulin%20is%20a%20hormone%20that,or%20stored%20for%20future%20use.

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/glucose.html

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Messenger-RNA-mRNA

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/diffraction

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cytoplasm#:~:text=%E2%80%8BCytoplasm&text=Cytoplasm%20is%20the%20gelatinous%20liquid,separate%20them%20from%20the%20cytoplasm.

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/about-epigenetics.html?ref=search

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/asthma

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bronchial

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refined

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/flame_retardants#:~:text=Flame%20retardants%20are%20various%20chemicals,about%20their%20potential%20health%20effects.

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene-therapy.html?ref=search

https://www.google.com/search?q=how+many+atm+genes+are+in+your+body&oq=&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCQgCEEUYOxjCAzIJCAAQRRg7GMIDMgkIARBFGDsYwgMyCQgCEEUYOxjCAzIJCAMQRRg7GMIDMgkIBBBFGDsYwgMyCQgFEEUYOxjCAzIJCAYQRRg7GMIDMgkIBxBFGDsYwgPSAQkxOTA5ajBqMTWoAgiwAgE&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on (very useful search that helped me understand)!

https://www.eviq.org.au/cancer-genetics/consumer-information/3420-facts-for-people-and-families-with-a-faulty-a#:~:text=Everyone%20has%20two%20ATM%20genes,or%20having%20an%20ATM%20mutation.

https://geneticprogramming.com/

https://www.google.com/search?q=genetic+reprogramming+meaning&sca_esv=12f4ef73a9b4d288&ei=33iZZ-KoBIPL0PEP58yL-A8&ved=0ahUKEwiilOfk2JmLAxWDJTQIHWfmAv8Q4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=genetic+reprogramming+meaning&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiHWdlbmV0aWMgcmVwcm9ncmFtbWluZyBtZWFuaW5nMgYQABgWGB4yCxAAGIAEGIYDGIoFMgsQABiABBiGAxiKBTILEAAYgAQYhgMYigUyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIIEAAYgAQYogRIlShQxAtYoiNwAXgBkAEAmAGqAaAB-AaqAQM0LjS4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgmgArEHwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR5gDAIgGAZAGCJIHAzIuN6AH1S0&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

(You should see this when you click on the link above… This is where I got my information from)!

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10985-ultraviolet-radiation

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cf.html

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hemophilia.html

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sickle-cell-anemia.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=loss+of+consciousness+meaning&sca_esv=42a806e0e8ec3519&ei=YQGwZ4GfGd3K0PEPzKC6-AE&oq=loss+of+consciousness+%2Ceaning&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiHWxvc3Mgb2YgY29uc2Npb3VzbmVzcyAsZWFuaW5nKgIIADIHEAAYgAQYDTIHEAAYgAQYDTIHEAAYgAQYDTIHEAAYgAQYDTIHEAAYgAQYDTIHEAAYgAQYDTIHEAAYgAQYDTIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHkiGJVDTA1iBGHABeAGQAQCYAWmgAe8FqgEDNS4zuAEByAEA-AEBmAIIoALFBsICChAAGIAEGEMYigXCAgUQABiABMICCxAAGIAEGJECGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYhgMYigXCAgUQABjvBcICBhAAGA0YHpgDAIgGAZIHAzIuNqAH3Dg&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found here)!!!

https://www.google.com/search?q=leg+ulcers+definition&sca_esv=42a806e0e8ec3519&biw=1536&bih=695&ei=cwKwZ6DrGey80PEP0byOsQo&oq=leg+ulcers+def&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiDmxlZyB1bGNlcnMgZGVmKgIIADIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeSKAqUNoBWKwgcAJ4AZABAJgBa6ABlwSqAQM1LjG4AQHIAQD4AQGYAgigAtoEwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICBRAAGIAEwgILEAAYgAQYkQIYigXCAgsQABiABBiGAxiKBcICBRAAGO8FmAMAiAYBkAYIkgcDNS4zoAfxJA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found in the circled info)!

https://www.google.com/search?q=gallstones+meaning&oq=gallstones+mea&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqDAgAEAAYRhj5ARiABDIMCAAQABhGGPkBGIAEMgYIARBFGDkyBwgCEAAYgAQyBwgDEAAYgAQyBwgEEAAYgAQyBwgFEAAYgAQyBwgGEAAYgAQyBwgHEAAYgAQyBwgIEAAYgAQyBwgJEAAYgASoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on#wptab=si:APYL9bvbW1uulAzeBSybFCk8gvapIWRsi_YDxN2p_SJmf4Lh-6gEn8mUvFU6QtUrTGXY962DII-qXUDKDJHstj2rQpxlpyhMRKoja7VIfTIfJ2WCLgtEGuaf6Wf1iBp-K8GorDinTmEPfnMCM5CD6pCjVHtDeK7RJSmZ0BTOGMJgMTsF46OXVRhc2fHD1kIVMGXDev7S0vDlB8R8EvBcswX57dZfdXCzxC_El_jHCTr9-COAe0jG4ZOZcRmV3Mh3z5N6kZmwllQDn8lwrN6omhWi9cz67MeG42cFUsI1Q5SxRveKslyaBw7948RPKfxGgoWDwTgDj9z9vvH_em1T8SgiUyZm6KTj4gRbKuX_v6NsYEi9wv4R-6psxcyPigkbbltlgxJp4e3nYJncutIw2ikKWgfpfa7LMrE2ZDA1cCVO_HKbCTe9KxAsCDVrncQY1F68HkCzXb7qesAVVI_MHyUMScfp6GQW07yBlG8NaSkjln7BVEyPZrsmr9Eb13VDTy3HsMPUD4QV

(Info found here)!

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/folic-acid

https://www.howtopronounce.com/voxelotor

https://www.howtopronounce.com/oxbryta

https://www.howtopronounce.com/crizanlizumab

https://www.howtopronounce.com/adakveo

https://www.google.com/search?q=seizure+meaning&oq=seizure+m&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqDwgAEAAYRhj5ARixAxiABDIPCAAQABhGGPkBGLEDGIAEMgoIARAAGLEDGIAEMgYIAhBFGDkyBwgDEAAYgAQyBwgEEAAYgAQyBwgFEAAYgAQyBwgGEAAYgAQyBwgHEAAYgAQyBwgIEAAYgAQyBwgJEAAYgASoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found as above)

https://youtu.be/2UElC_YZ0Eo?si=zCunmJKt3MlfuhwZ

https://www.google.com/search?q=is+it+ok+to+start+a+sentence+with+without&oq=is+it+ok+to+start+a+sentence+with+without&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIICAEQABgWGB4yDQgCEAAYhgMYgAQYigUyDQgDEAAYhgMYgAQYigUyCggEEAAYgAQYogQyBwgFEAAY7wUyCggGEAAYgAQYogTSAQkxMzM3N2owajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found here)!

https://www.google.com/search?q=What+does+it+mean+when+you+want+to+address+something%3F&sca_esv=5d5dc4b0a4716fb1&ei=rgC9Z6WmNrvx0PEPh_PO-QI&ved=0ahUKEwiltbKdu92LAxW7ODQIHYe5My8Q4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=What+does+it+mean+when+you+want+to+address+something%3F&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiNVdoYXQgZG9lcyBpdCBtZWFuIHdoZW4geW91IHdhbnQgdG8gYWRkcmVzcyBzb21ldGhpbmc_MgUQIRigATIFECEYoAFIuw5Q2gZY2gZwAXgBkAEAmAG2AaABtgGqAQMwLjG4AQPIAQD4AQH4AQKYAgKgAsgBqAIKwgIQEAAYAxi0AhjqAhiPAdgBAcICEBAuGAMYtAIY6gIYjwHYAQGYAwvxBU8OQla4WmgQugYECAEYCpIHAzEuMaAH3wM&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found here)!

https://www.google.com/search?q=decide+synonym&oq=decide+&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqDQgBEAAYgwEYsQMYgAQyBwgAEAAYjwIyDQgBEAAYgwEYsQMYgAQyBwgCEAAYgAQyDQgDEAAYgwEYsQMYgAQyBwgEEAAYgAQyBwgFEAAYgAQyBwgGEAAYgAQyBwgHEAAYgAQyBwgIEAAYgAQyBwgJEAAYgATSAQgyNjQyajBqN6gCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found here)!

https://www.google.com/search?q=clotting+factor+meaning&oq=clotting+factor+mean&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQyBggBEEUYOTIHCAIQABiABDIICAMQABgWGB4yCAgEEAAYFhgeMggIBRAAGBYYHjIICAYQABgWGB4yCAgHEAAYFhgeMggICBAAGBYYHjIICAkQABgWGB6oAgiwAgHxBTctPKLmn9hU&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

(Info found here)!

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/bulky

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/#:~:text=Tissue%20is%20a%20group%20of,the%20spaces%20between%20the%20cells.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nitrogen

I would like to thank Mr. Downey, my science fair coordinator for answering all my questions to the best of his ability! I would also like to acknowledge the scientists that presented last year, they made me enhance my knowledge more on the expectations & material needed for this project! Another person who I would love to acknowledge is my humanities teacher, Ms. McCann, for suggesting and helping out with my writing and grammar! Last but not least, a group of people I would like to thank are my family, for encouraging me to keep on going & providing me with all the materials I needed to fulfill my wishes & dreams for this project! Everyone played a major role in my project, without any of them above, my project would never have turned out like this!